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Freckled madtom
The freckled madtom (''Noturus nocturnus'') a species of freshwater madtom (catfish) found in the eastern United States. The freckled madtom is a benthic feeder mostly of invertebrates and usually inhabits waters that are medium to large in size, living mostly in riffle areas that have mostly clear waters and rocky bottoms. Its spawning season occurs from spring to early summer in riffle areas, and sexual maturation occurs after a couple of years.
== Geographic distribution ==
The freckled madtom is a freshwater species found across the eastern United States; it is common across most of its range. This range includes the Mississippi River basin and tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. This species is also found in the lower Ohio River basin in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois.〔Bonner, T., "Noturus nocturnus: Freckled Madtom." Texas State Department of Biology. http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~tbonner/txfishes/noturus%20nocturnus.htm〕〔Page, L.M., "Freckled Madtom: Noturus nocturnus." Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/catfish/ictaluridae/freckledmadtom.htm〕 Other areas it is found include Oklahoma, southeastern Iowa, central Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia, and western Tennessee.〔〔Willink, P.W., F.M. Veraldi, and J.B. Ladonski, "Rediscovery of the Freckled Madtom Noturus nocturnus Jordan & Gilbert in the Des Plaines River, Illinois." Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 99 (2006).〕〔U.S. Geological Survey, "Noturus nocturnus Jordan and Gilbert, 1886." U.S. Department of the Interior. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2536〕 Latitudinally it is found mostly between 41°N to 30°N.〔FishBase, "Noturus nocturnus Jordan & Gilbert, 1886: Freckled Madtom." FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Noturus-nocturnus.html〕 This range has been identified since at least 1980; the current distribution is similar to the historical one, though some small extensions have been driven north, possibly as a result of global warming.〔Bernstein, N.P. and Olson, J.R., "Ecological Problems with Iowa's Invasive and Introduced Fishes." Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 108 (2001): 185-209.〕 This species is not known to travel often, especially over long distances.〔NatureServe, "Noturus nocturnus - Jordan and Gilbert: Freckled Madtom." NatureServe Explorer. http://www.tnfish.org/SpeciesFishInformation_TWRA/Research/FreckledMadtomNoturusNocturnus_NatureServeExplorer.pdf〕 Further, its distribution is not entirely known due to its small population sizes and ability to be easily misidentified. Freckled madtoms are often misidentified as bullheads or other catfishes.〔
Further, the freckled madtom is said to be an intolerant species that sometimes disappears after a disturbance. These individuals are fluvial specialists, meaning they are specialized to a particular habitat, theirs being fast-moving riffle habitats.〔 Human litter may be a potential disturbance to the species; young as well as breeding adult male individuals have often been found in beverage cans and other human-created debris.〔 It may be difficult to determine range expansion, though, because of its small population sizes in certain areas, including central Oklahoma.〔Orth, D.J. and Jones, R.N. "Range Extensions of the Orangethroat Darter (Etheostoma spectabile) and the Freckled Madtom (Noturus nocturnus) into Western Oklahoma." Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 60 (1980): 98-99.〕 However, more recent studies have suggested that freckled madtom distributions have extended slightly as water quality in certain regions has improved.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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